Knights of the Clock
The Cloistered Order of Conclaved Knights of Sophisticracy,[1] more commonly known as the Knights of the Clock, was an interracial homophile social club based in Los Angeles, California. The Knights were founded by Merton Bird, an African-American man, and W. Dorr Legg, his white lover. Sources differ as to the founding date of the organization, variously citing it as 1949,[2] 1950,[3] and 1951.[4] Regardless of the exact date, the Knights was one of the earliest gay organizations in the United States, with only the Society for Human Rights (established 1924),[5] the Veterans Benevolent Association (established 1945)[6] and possibly the Mattachine Society (established 1950)[7] pre-dating it.
The Knights were primarily a social club, including people of both sexes and family members of couples.[2] They also tried to address social problems that affected interracial couples, including employment counseling[8] and locating integrated housing for same-sex couples.[1] To that end, the Knights discussed the possibility of establishing communes throughout its existence, although no such communes were ever established.[2]
Although social functions routinely attracted as many as 200 participants,[2] at its core the Knights always remained a numerically small group and eventually disbanded in the mid-1950s. Several Knights, including Bird and Legg, went on to join ONE, Inc., another early homophile organization.[9] Sociologist Laud Humphreys cited the Knights as an example of the ability of people of different races to cross racial barriers through commonality of sexual identification.[10]
Notes
References
- Archer, Bert (2004). The End of Gay: And the Death of Heterosexuality. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-611-7.
- Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02288-X.
- Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998). Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. New York, Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-3629-6.
- Humphreys, Laud (1972). Out of the Closets; The Sociology of Homosexual Liberation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice-Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-645317-8.
- Sagarin, Edward (1975). Structure and Ideology in an Association of Deviants. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-405-07402-6.
- Sears, James Thomas (2006). Behind the Mask of the Mattachine: The Hal Call Chronicles and the Early Movement for Homosexual Emancipation. Psychology Press. ISBN 1-56023-187-4.
- White, C. Todd (2009). Pre-Gay L.A.: A Social History of the Movement for Homosexual Rights. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07641-9.
- v
- t
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- Columbia Queer Alliance
- Council on Religion and the Homosexual
- Daughters of Bilitis
- ECHO
- Homophile Action League
- Janus Society
- Knights of the Clock
- Mattachine Society
- Metropolitan Community Church
- NACHO
- ONE, Inc.
- PRIDE
- Society for Human Rights
- Student Homophile League
- Veterans Benevolent Association
- Hal Call
- Rudi Gernreich
- James Gruber
- Harry Hay
- Dale Jennings
- Frank Kameny
- Jack Nichols
- The Advocate
- Drum
- Focus: A Journal for Lesbians
- The Ladder
- The Phoenix: Midwest Homophile Voice
- Vice Versa
- Newport sex scandal (1919)
- Harvard Secret Court (1920)
- Pullman porter affair (1940)
- Hazel's Inn raid (1956)
- One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
- Cooper Do-nuts Riot (1959)
- MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
- Fun Lounge police raid (1964)
- Annual Reminder (1965–1969)
- Julius sip-in (1966)
- Compton's Cafeteria riot (1966)
- The Rejected (1961)
- "The Homosexuals" (1967)
- Athletic Model Guild
- Black Cat Bar
- Black Cat Tavern
- DOB Australia
- Homophile movement
- Garden of Allah (cabaret)
- Julius (NYC bar)
- Henry Gerber House
- Minorities Research Group (UK)
- ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives
- Oscar Wilde Bookshop
- The Patch
- Tavern Guild
- LGBT rights in the United States