List of minor Negro league baseball teams
This list of minor Negro league baseball teams consists of teams that played in the various minor Negro baseball leagues, as well as the independent teams, teams that played in proto-leagues and teams that played after integration.
In Negro league baseball, organized major league play began in 1920, however informal "proto" leagues arose in the 1880s. Most teams up to about 1920 were able to survive, and even profit, by barnstorming small towns and playing local semi-pro teams. After 1920, most teams found financial security by forming leagues, but it was common for teams each season to play as many games outside of the league's schedule. Generally, leagues in the north were major while leagues in the south were minor.
With the integration of Organized Baseball beginning 1946, Negro leagues lost elite players to white leagues causing former major Negro leagues to slip to minor league status, and historians do not consider any Negro league "major" after 1950. By default, leagues established after integration are considered minor league, as is the one of two 1940s majors that continued after 1950. Also at this time, Negro leagues began to appear in the west.
Below are some of the better-documented leagues:
- Proto-leagues
- Southern League of Colored Base Ballists, 1886
- National Colored Baseball League, 1887
- International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs, 1906.
- National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba, 1907–1909.
- Minor leagues
- Texas Colored League/Texas–Oklahoma–Louisiana League/Texas–Louisiana Negro League, 1919–1931
- Negro Southern League (I), 1920–1936 – considered a de facto major league in 1932 because it was the only league to play a full season schedule due to the Great Depression
- Negro Southeastern League, 1921
- Interstate League, 1926 and 1940 (mixed-race league)
- Tri State League, 1935
- Negro American Association, 1939 and 1948–1949
- Negro Major League, 1942
- Post-integration
- Negro Southern League (II), 1945–1951
- United States League, 1945–1946
- West Coast Negro Baseball Association, 1946
- East Texas Negro League, 1946
- Negro Texas League, 1949
- Negro American League, 1951–1960 – considered a major league from 1937 until integration diminished the quality of play around 1950/51
- Arkansas–Louisiana–Texas League, 1951
- Eastern Negro League, 1954
- Negro National Baseball Association, 1954
Below is the list of minor Negro league teams. Teams in bold are considered to have been of major league caliber for at least one season of their existence. Other teams included in this list were either a semi-pro, barnstorming or traveling team and not necessarily a member of a league.
Alabama
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birmingham Black Barons | 1920 | 1961 | NSL (1920–23, 26, 31–36) NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30) NAL (1937–38, 40–61) |
| [1] |
Birmingham Giants | 1907 | 1909 | Independent (1907–09) | [2] | |
Mobile Black Bears | [3] | ||||
Mobile Tigers | [citation needed] | ||||
Montgomery Grey Sox (I) | 1920 | 1921 | NSL (1920) Independent (1921) | [4] | |
Montgomery Grey Sox (II) | 1931 | 1932 | Independent (1931) NSL (1932) | [5] |
Arkansas
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gurdon Panthers | 1951 | 1951 | Arkansas–Louisiana–Texas League | [6] | |
Hot Springs Arlingtons
| 1896 | 1904 | Southern Negro League (1897) | Rube Foster (1901) | [7] |
Little Rock Black Travelers | [3] | ||||
Little Rock Quapaws | 1896 | 1900 | Southern Negro League (1897) | [8] |
California
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Los Angeles White Sox | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [9] | |
Oakland Larks | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [10] | |
San Diego Tigers | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [11] | |
San Francisco Sea Lions | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [12] |
Colorado
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denver White Elephants | [citation needed] |
Connecticut
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ansonia Cuban Giants | 1891 | 1891 | Connecticut State League | The Ansonia Cuban Giants were an all-black team in an otherwise all-white league | [citation needed] |
District of Columbia
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Washington Capital Citys | 1887 | 1887 | National Colored Base Ball League (1887) | Folded before playing an official game | [13][14][15] |
Washington Potomacs club
| 1923 | 1925 | Independent (1923) ECL (1924–25) | [3] | |
Washington Homestead Grays (See Homestead Grays) | 1939 | c. 1950s | NNL2 (1939–48) Independent (1949–c. 50s) |
| [16] |
Florida
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethiopian Clowns (See Indianapolis Clowns) | c. 1930s | 1942 | Independent (c. 1930s–42) |
| [citation needed] |
Georgia
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlanta Black Crackers (I) club
| 1919 | 1939 | Ind.(19,22–25,28,30–31,33–34,37) NSL(I)(20–21,26–27,29,32,35–36) NAL (1938–39) |
| [17][18] |
Atlanta Black Crackers (II) | 1943 | 1949 | Independent (1943–44) NSL (II) (1945–47) NAA (1948–49) | [17] |
Illinois
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicago American Giants | 1910 | 1952 | Independent (1910–19) NNL1 (1920–31) NSL (1932) NNL2 (1933–35) Independent (1936) NAL (1937–52) |
| [19] |
Chicago Brown Bombers | 1945 | 1945 | USL (1945) | [20] | |
Chicago Columbia Giants | 1899 | 1900 | Independent (1899–1900) |
| [21] |
Chicago Giants | 1910 | 1921 | Independent (1910–19) NNL1 (1920–21) |
| [22] |
Chicago Unions | 1887 | 1900 | Independent (1887–1900) |
| [23] |
Leland Giants | 1901 | 1909 | Independent (1901–09) |
| [24][25] |
Indiana
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indianapolis ABCs (I) | c. 1913 | 1926 | Independent (1913–19) NNL1 (1920–26) | [18] | |
Indianapolis Clowns club
| c. 1930s | 1962 | Independent (c. 1930s–42) NAL (1943–55) Independent (1956–62) | [citation needed] |
Kansas
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kansas City Giants | 1909 | 1911 | Independent (1909–11) |
| [26] |
Kentucky
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Louisville Black Colonels | [3] | ||||
Louisville Buckeyes (See Cleveland Buckeyes) | 1949 | 1949 | NAL (1949) | [27] | |
Louisville Fall City | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [28] | |
Louisville White Sox (1914–1915) | 1914 | 1915 | Independent (1914–15) | [29] | |
Zulu Cannibal Giants | 1934 | 1937 | Independent (1934–37) |
| [23] |
Louisiana
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detroit–New Orleans Stars (See Detroit Stars (IV)) | 1960 | 1961 | NAL (1960–61) |
| [30] |
Monroe Monarchs | 1920s | 1935 | Negro Southern League (1932) |
| [31] |
New Orleans Ads | 1920 | 1920 | Negro Southern League (1920) |
| [32] |
New Orleans Black Pelicans | 1926 | 1950 | Negro Southern League (1926) Independent (1927–29, 1932–44, 1946–49) Texas Colored League (1930–31) Negro Southern League (1945, 1950) | [33] | |
New Orleans Creoles | 1945 | 1952 | Independent (1945–46, 1952) Negro Southern League (1947–48, 1950–51) Negro Texas League (1949) | [33] | |
New Orleans Crescent Stars | 1921 | 1937 | Independent (1921–22, 1932–37) | [30] | |
New Orleans Eagles (See Newark Eagles) | 1950 | 1951 | NAL (1950–51) |
| [34]: 5 |
New Orleans Stars | 1924 | 1924 | Independent (1924) | [33] |
Maryland
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baltimore Black Sox (I) | 1916 | 1933 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–31) EWL (1932) NNL2 (1933) | [35] | |
Baltimore Elite Giants club
| 1919 | 1951 | Independent (1919–29) NNL1 (1930) NSL (1931–1932) NNL2 (1933–48) NAL (1949–51) |
| [36] |
Baltimore Lord Baltimores | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [37] | |
Baltimore Grays | 1942 | 1942 | NML (1942) |
|
Massachusetts
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boston Resolutes | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [38] | |
Boston Royal Giants | IL (1906) |
| [citation needed][39] | ||
Boston Blues | 1946 | 1946 | USL (1946) | [40] |
Michigan
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detroit Stars (I) | 1919 | 1931 | Independent (1919) NNL1 (1920–31) | [41] | |
Detroit Stars (IV) club
| 1954 | 1961 | NAL (1954–61) | [citation needed] | |
Page Fence Giants | 1895 | 1898 | Independent (1895–98) |
| [42] |
Minnesota
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minneapolis Keystones | |||||
St. Paul Colored Gophers | 1907 | 1911 | Independent (1907–11) |
| [43] |
Twin City Colored Giants | [citation needed] |
Missouri
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kansas City Monarchs | 1920 | 1965 | NNL1 (1920–31) Independent (1932–36) NAL (1937–61) Independent (1962–65) |
| [44] |
Kansas City Royal Giants | 1910 | 1912 | Western Independent Clubs (1910–1912) |
| [45] |
St. Louis Stars (I) | 1906 | 1931 | Independent (1906–19) NNL1 (1920–31) |
| [46] |
New Jersey
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacharach Giants (I) | 1916 | 1929 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) |
| [citation needed] |
Cuban Giants | 1885 | c. 1915 | Independent (1885–1906) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–c. 15) |
| [47] |
Cuban X-Giants | 1897 | 1907 | Independent (1897–1905) IL (1906) NA (1907) |
| [48] |
Jersey City Colored Athletics | [citation needed] | ||||
Newark Dodgers | 1933 | 1935 | Independent (1933) NNL2 (1934–35) |
| [49] |
New York
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brooklyn Royal Giants | 1905 | 1942 | Independent (1905–06) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–22) ECL (1923–27) Independent (1928–42) |
| [50] |
Harlem Stars | [citation needed] | ||||
Lincoln Giants | 1911 | 1930 | Independent (1911–22) ECL (1923–26) Independent (1927) ECL (1928) ANL (1929) Independent (1930) |
| [51] |
Lincoln Stars | 1914 | 1917 | Independent (1914–17) |
| [52] |
New York Black Yankees | 1931 | 1959 | Independent (1931–35) NNL2 (1936–48) Independent (1949–59) |
| [53] |
New York Cubans | 1935 | 1950 | NNL2 (1935–36) NNL2 (1939–48) NAL (1949–50) |
| [54] |
Schenectady Mohawk Giants | 1913 | 1914 | Independent (1913–14) | [55] |
Ohio
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cincinnati Browns | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) |
| [citation needed] |
Cleveland Buckeyes club
| 1942 | 1950 | NAL (1942–50) |
| [27] [56] |
Dayton Marcos | c. 1910s | c. 1930s | Independent (c. 1910s–19) NNL1 (1920) Independent (1921–25) NNL1 (1926) Independent (1927–c. 30s) | [57] | |
Toledo Rays | 1945 | 1945 | USL | [58] |
Oklahoma
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oklahoma Monarchs | 1910 | 1910 | Independent (1910) | [59] |
Oregon
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portland Rosebuds | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [60] |
Pennsylvania
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Club of Philadelphia | 1800s | [61] | |||
Anchor Giants | early 1900s | [61] | |||
Bacharach Giants (II) | 1931 | 1942 | Independent (1931–33) NNL2 (1934) Independent (1935–42) |
| [citation needed] |
Harrisburg Giants | 1922 | 1927 | Independent (1922–23) ECL (1924–27) | [62] | |
Harrisburg Monrovians | [citation needed] | ||||
Hilldale Club | 1916 | 1932 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–31) EWL (1932) |
| [63] |
Homestead Grays club
| c. 1912 | c. 1950s | Independent (c. 1912–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–31) EWL (1932) Independent (1933–34) NNL2 (1935–48) Independent (1949–c. 50s) |
| [16] |
Philadelphia Pythians | 1867 | 1887 | Independent (1867–86) NCBBL (1887) | [64] | |
Philadelphia Giants | 1902 | 1916 | Independent (1902–05) IL (1906) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–16) | [65][66] | |
Philadelphia Stars | 1933 | 1952 | Independent (1933) NNL2 (1934–48) NAL (1949–52) | [67] | |
Pittsburgh Crawfords club
| 1931 | 1940 | Independent (1931–32) NNL2 (1933–38) NAL (1939–40) | [68] | |
Pittsburgh Keystones (I) | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [69] |
Tennessee
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chattanooga Black Lookouts | 1920 | 1927 | NSL (1920, 1926–27) |
| [70] |
Chattanooga Choo-Choos | 1940 | 1946 | NSL (1940–46) | [citation needed] | |
Knoxville Giants | 1920 | 1932 | NSL (1920–22, 1931–32) |
| [71] |
Memphis Red Sox | 1923 | 1962 | Independent (1923) NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30) NSL (1926, 31–36) NAL (1937–62) | [72] | |
Nashville Elite Giants (See Baltimore Elite Giants) | 1919 | 1934 | Independent (1919–29) NNL1 (1930) NSL (1931–1932) NNL2 (1933–34) |
| [36] |
Texas
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austin Black Senators | [citation needed] | ||||
Brenham Merchants | [citation needed] | ||||
Dallas Black Giants | 1908 | 1949 | |||
Houston Eagles (See Newark Eagles) | 1949 | 1950 | NAL (1949–50) |
| [49][73] |
San Antonio Black Bronchos | 1908 | 1909 | Independent (1908–09) | [74] | |
San Antonio Black Indians | [citation needed] |
Washington
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seattle Steelheads | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [75] |
Traveling teams
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Cubans | 1899 | 1905 | Independent |
| [citation needed] |
All Nations | 1912 | 1925 | Independent |
| [citation needed] |
Chappie Johnson's Stars |
| [citation needed] | |||
Colored House of David | [citation needed] | ||||
Cuban Stars (East) club
| 1916 | c. 1934 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–c. 34) |
| [citation needed] |
Cuban Stars (West) club
| 1906 | 1932 | IL (1906) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–19) NNL1 (1920–30) Independent (1931) EWL (1932) |
| [citation needed] |
Ethiopian Clowns (See Indianapolis Clowns) | c. 1930s | 1942 | Independent (c. 1930s–42) |
| [citation needed] |
Mineola Black Spiders | c. 1932 | c. 1937 | Independent |
| [citation needed] |
New York Gorhams | 1886 | 1892 | Independent (1886) NCBBL (1887) Independent (1888–92) |
| [76] |
Secret Nine | 1931 | 1931 | Independent |
| [33] |
Tennessee Rats | c. 1911 | c. 1926 | Independent |
| [citation needed] |
References
- ^ "Birmingham Black Barons". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Birmingham Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ a b c d "Negro league teams". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Montgomery Grey Sox". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Montgomery, Alabama Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia | Gurdon Panthers".
- ^ "Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia | Hot Springs Arlingtons". Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia.
- ^ "Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia | Little Rock Quapaws". Arkansas Baseball Encyclopedia.
- ^ "1946 Los Angeles White Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 Oakland Larks". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 San Diego Tigers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 San Francisco Sea Lions". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ Riley, James A. (2002). The biographical encyclopedia of the Negro baseball leagues. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 764. ISBN 978-0-7867-0959-5.
- ^ Heaphy, Leslie A. (2003). The Negro leagues, 1869-1960. McFarland. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7864-1380-5.
- ^ Melley, Ken. (2018) The Anatony of Baseball Names. Page Publishing, Inc p. 34. ISBN 978-1-64214-379-9
- ^ a b "Homestead Grays". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
- ^ a b "Atlanta Black Crackers". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
- ^ a b "Indianapolis ABCs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ "Chicago American Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ "1945 Chicago Brown Bombers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ "Chicago Columbia Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Chicago Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ a b "The Negro League Teams". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ "Chicago Union Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "Leland Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Kansas City Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ a b "Cleveland Buckeyes". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ "1887 Louisville Falls City". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Louisville White Sox". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
- ^ a b Worth, Richard (26 February 2013). Baseball Team Names: A Worldwide Dictionary, 1869-2011. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. pp. 200, 201. ISBN 9780786468447.
- ^ Holway, John (2001). The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History. Fern Park, Florida: Hastings House Publishers. p. 284. ISBN 0-8038-2007-0.
- ^ "New Orleans, Louisiana Teams History". Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Diamonds in the Rough". May 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
- ^ "Negro American League Standings (1937-1962)" (PDF). Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
- ^ "Baltimore Black Sox". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ a b "Baltimore Elite Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
- ^ "1887 Baltimore Lord Baltimores". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "1887 Boston Resolutes". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "1906 Quaker Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ "1946 Boston Blues". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ "Detroit Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ "Page Fence Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Twin City Gophers". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "Kansas City Monarchs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ "Kansas City Royal Giants Team History - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com.
- ^ "St. Louis Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ "Cuban Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "Cuban X-Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ a b "Newark Eagles". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "Brooklyn Royal Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "New York Lincoln Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "New York Lincoln Stars". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "New York Black Yankees". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "New York Cubans". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Schenectady Mohawk Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
- ^ "1942 Cincinnati/Cleveland Buckeyes". Baseball.Reference.com. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
- ^ "Dayton Marcos". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ "United States League (1945-1946)" (PDF). Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Oklahoma Monarchs". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
- ^ "1946 Portland Rosebuds". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ a b Loverro, Thom. The Encyclopedia of Negro League Baseball. New York:Facts on File, Inc., 2003. ISBN 0-8160-4430-9.
- ^ "Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ "Hilldale Daisies". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "1887 Philadelphia Pythians". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "Philadelphia Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "1906 Philadelphia Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ "Philadelphia Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "Pittsburgh Crawfords". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ "1887 Pittsburgh Keystones". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "Chattanooga Black Lookouts". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ The Negro Southern League: A Baseball History, 1920-1951, By William J. Plott (2015) p, 9. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-7544-5
- ^ "Memphis Red Sox". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "Houston, Texas Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "San Antonio Black Bronchos". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
- ^ "Seattle Steelheads". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ "1887 New York Gorhams". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
External links
- Leagues & Teams at the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum
- The Negro League Teams at the Negro League Baseball Players Association
- Negro Leagues Database at Seamheads.com
- Negro League Team Encyclopedia at Baseball-Reference.com
- v
- t
- e
- List of teams by state
- major league teams
- minor league teams
- Timeline of teams
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